Correlates of protection via modeling

Quest for correlates of protection against tuberculosis.

A major impediment to tuberculosis (TB) vaccine development is the lack of reliable correlates of immune protection or biomarkers that would predict vaccine efficacy. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) produced by CD4(+) T cells and, recently, multifunctional CD4(+) T cells secreting IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been used in vaccine studies as a measurable immune para...

Correlates of protection induced by vaccination.

This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge about immune responses to vaccines that correlate with protection. Although the immune system is redundant, almost all current vaccines work through antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or bacteremia/viremia and thus provide a correlate of protection. The functional characteristics of antibodies, as well as quantity, are import...

Complex correlates of protection after vaccination.

In several prior articles I have attempted to analyze and simplify the subject of immunological functions induced by vaccination that correlate with protection against later exposure to pathogens. Other authors have also written on the subject, and recently we jointly proposed terminology to bring some semantic clarity to the field. The generalization that vaccine-induced antibodies prevent acq...

Correlates of protection and HIV vaccine development.

Modeling the protection of photosynthesis.

I t is hard to overstate the importance of photosynthesis for mankind and the biosphere. It produces the oxygen we breathe and the food we eat, and images of Earth from space show the green of terrestrial vegetation and swirls of marine phytoplankton. To meet our increasing demand for food and energy, it seems inevitable that we will need to increase the efficiency of photosynthesis in plants a...